Separation refers to the process of removing solids, oils, greases, and other unwanted materials from water to prepare it for further treatment or safe discharge. It is one of the first and most crucial steps in wastewater treatment, aiming to reduce the load on biological and chemical processes that follow. Separation techniques are used to isolate suspended solids, floating materials, and settleable particles from the liquid phase. Common methods include screening (to remove large debris), sedimentation (allowing heavier particles to settle), flotation (lifting lighter particles like oils and fats to the surface), and filtration (to remove fine particles). Advanced systems may also use centrifuges or membrane technologies for more precise separation. Effective separation improves the efficiency of downstream treatment processes, reduces wear on equipment, and helps facilities meet environmental discharge standards.

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